FairValue

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Philippe

Sandler

CBNetherlands · NEC Nijmegen

№ 340460Established €3.4M −0.53

Player dossierEredivisie

PhilippeSandler

CBCentre-BackDefender

Club
NEC Nijmegen
League
Eredivisie
Nationality
Netherlands
Age
29
Height
190 cm
Foot
Right
Valued
28 May 2026

Reading the valuation

The market values Sandler at €2M. Model A, which never saw Sandler during training, estimates €3.4M: the market value is 41% below that estimate.

That is a factor of ×1.71. Model A's typical held-out miss is ×1.50 either way, so this gap is larger than its usual error.

Without league and club, Model B estimates €2.2M, closer to the market here, although it is usually further off (typical miss ×2.07).

A gap describes the model's arithmetic for this player's inputs, not what the player is worth.

▼ −0.53A €3.4M▼ −0.08B €2.2M
Pitch length is a log value scale fitted to this player's figures. ● observed · ◇ Model A · dashed ◇ Model B · each arc is a residual, log(observed) − log(estimate).
Apps
49
Minutes
3,593
Goals
1
Assists
3
Started
45/49
Min / app
73
Cards
9Y 0R

Club matches, two years to the valuation date

The Valuation Journey

What moves Model A

Asking the prediction API to explain Model A for Sandler…

SHAP describes the model's arithmetic for this player's inputs, not what causes market value. Model B can be explained only by the live service; Model A also has a published explanation for the research players.

Model A vs Model B against the observed €2M

Checking API
EmergingEstablishedEliteWorld Class€2M€10M€30M€100k€1M€100MMarket €2MModel A €3.4M

Asking the prediction API…

Held-out estimates come from cross-validation, with this player outside the training data: the honest comparison. Served models were refitted on every player, this one included, so they sit closer to the market. Shaded band: Model A's typical miss (×1.50 either way).

Player traitspercentiles vs 2,065 defenders

Philippe Sandler's percentiles among defenders: Goals per 90 44th, Assists per 90 69th, Minutes, two years 63rd, Starts 75th, Minutes, last 365 days 65th, European club minutes 30th44thGoals69thAssists63rdMinutes75thStarts65thRecent30thEurope

Dashed ring: the defender median (50th percentile)

Starts

Share of appearances started rather than entered from the bench.

92% this player83% defender median75th percentile

18%peer deciles · median line · this player ●100%

No passing, progression or defensive actions exist in the dataset, so no trait claims to measure them.

Valuation history every Transfermarkt valuation on record

First valuation
€50k
Jul 2016
Peak
€4.5M
Sept 2019
Model target
€2M
May 2026
Valuations
27
6 club changes
May 2026€2MNEC NijmegenValuation the model is trained to reproduce

May 2026: €2M, NEC Nijmegen. Dotted lines mark the €2M, €10M and €30M tier boundaries.

Show as a table
DateMarket valueClub
2016-07-15€50kPEC Zwolle
2017-01-18€250kPEC Zwolle
2017-06-07€250kPEC Zwolle
2017-10-26€400kPEC Zwolle
2018-01-17€1.5MPEC Zwolle
2018-03-27€2MPEC Zwolle
2018-06-12€2.5MPEC Zwolle
2018-12-19€2.5MManchester City
2019-06-13€2.5MManchester City
2019-09-13€4.5MRSC Anderlecht
2019-12-13€4.5MRSC Anderlecht
2020-04-08€3.5MRSC Anderlecht
2020-10-13€3.5MManchester City
2021-03-18€3MManchester City
2021-06-08€2.5MManchester City
2021-12-16€2MESTAC Troyes
2022-06-08€2MFeyenoord Rotterdam
2022-11-11€1.5MNEC Nijmegen
2023-03-17€2MNEC Nijmegen
2023-06-23€1.8MNEC Nijmegen
2023-12-15€1.8MNEC Nijmegen
2024-03-18€2.5MNEC Nijmegen
2024-05-31€3MNEC Nijmegen
2024-12-17€2.5MNEC Nijmegen
2025-05-28€2.3MNEC Nijmegen
2025-12-02€2MNEC Nijmegen
2026-05-28€2MNEC Nijmegen

Audit context group-level, not about this player

Audit group
UEFA
Population gap, Model A
+0.093 95% CI +0.063 to +0.124
This player, market vs held-out A
−0.534

The group comes from first-listed citizenship and is never a model input. Across the population, non-UEFA players' market values sit about 10% above Model A's held-out estimates, relative to UEFA players in the same leagues. One player's residual says nothing about that pattern (typical miss ×1.50), and none of it is evidence of discrimination: the target may itself be biased. Open the Fairness Audit

In context observed value among comparable players in this build

All players in the Terminal →

Eredivisie425 players · median €1M

Valued above 62% of the 425 Eredivisie players.

€75k€500k€3M€20M€2MSee them in the Explorer →

Defenders, all leagues2,065 players · median €2M

Valued above 49% of the 2,065 defenders.

€20k€200k€2M€20M€2MSee them in the Explorer →

Where Sandler appears

Watchlists and the comparison tray are kept in this browser only.

Near this valuation closest observed values: same league, then same position

Counts and ranks of observed Transfermarkt values only; model errors are never ranked here. Full player export: Every player in the modelling population (D-011).