AihenMuñoz

LBLeft-BackDefender

Club: Real Sociedad
League: LaLiga
Nationality: Spain
Age: 28
Height: 175 cm
Foot: Left
Valued: 5 Jun 2026

Reading the valuation

The market values Muñoz at €2.5M. Model A, which never saw Muñoz during training, estimates €4.1M: the market value is 39% below that estimate.

That is a factor of ×1.64. Model A's typical held-out miss is ×1.50 either way, so this gap is larger than its usual error.

Without league and club, Model B estimates €6.5M, further from the market. Model B is usually further off (typical miss ×2.07): league and club explain much of how the market prices players.

A gap describes the model's arithmetic for this player's inputs, not what the player is worth.

Pitch length is a log value scale fitted to this player's figures. ● observed · ◇ Model A · dashed ◇ Model B · each arc is a residual, log(observed) − log(estimate).

Apps: 62
Minutes: 3,379
Goals: 1
Assists: 0
Started: 38/62
Min / app: 55
Cards: 12Y 0R

Club matches, two years to the valuation date

The Valuation Journey

What moves Model A

Asking the prediction API to explain Model A for Muñoz…

SHAP describes the model's arithmetic for this player's inputs, not what causes market value. Model B can be explained only by the live service; Model A also has a published explanation for the research players.

Model A vs Model B against the observed €2.5M

Checking API

Asking the prediction API…

Held-out estimates come from cross-validation, with this player outside the training data: the honest comparison. Served models were refitted on every player, this one included, so they sit closer to the market. Shaded band: Model A's typical miss (×1.50 either way).

Player traitspercentiles vs 2,065 defenders

Dashed ring: the defender median (50th percentile)

European club minutes

Share of minutes played in UEFA club competitions.

19% this player0% defender median83rd percentile

0%peer deciles · median line · this player ●85%

No passing, progression or defensive actions exist in the dataset, so no trait claims to measure them.

Valuation history every Transfermarkt valuation on record

First valuation: €50k; Aug 2017
Peak: €8M; Dec 2023
Model target: €2.5M; Jun 2026
Valuations: 21; 1 club change

Jun 2026€2.5MReal SociedadValuation the model is trained to reproduce

Jun 2026: €2.5M, Real Sociedad. Dotted lines mark the €2M, €10M and €30M tier boundaries.

Show as a table

Date	Market value	Club
2017-08-17	€50k	Real Sociedad B
2018-01-01	€50k	Real Sociedad B
2018-05-30	€150k	Real Sociedad B
2019-02-19	€200k	Real Sociedad B
2019-06-11	€7.5M	Real Sociedad B
2019-12-20	€5M	Real Sociedad
2020-04-08	€4M	Real Sociedad
2020-10-08	€4M	Real Sociedad
2021-01-05	€6M	Real Sociedad
2021-06-10	€6M	Real Sociedad
2021-12-30	€6M	Real Sociedad
2022-06-03	€6M	Real Sociedad
2022-11-07	€6M	Real Sociedad
2023-06-13	€6M	Real Sociedad
2023-12-22	€8M	Real Sociedad
2024-06-07	€8M	Real Sociedad
2024-12-27	€6M	Real Sociedad
2025-03-21	€5M	Real Sociedad
2025-06-09	€4M	Real Sociedad
2025-12-12	€3.5M	Real Sociedad
2026-06-05	€2.5M	Real Sociedad

Audit context group-level, not about this player

Audit group: UEFA
Population gap, Model A: +0.093 95% CI +0.063 to +0.124
This player, market vs held-out A: −0.494

The group comes from first-listed citizenship and is never a model input. Across the population, non-UEFA players' market values sit about 10% above Model A's held-out estimates, relative to UEFA players in the same leagues. One player's residual says nothing about that pattern (typical miss ×1.50), and none of it is evidence of discrimination: the target may itself be biased. Open the Fairness Audit

In context observed value among comparable players in this build

All players in the Terminal →

LaLiga509 players · median €4M

Valued above 34% of the 509 LaLiga players.

See them in the Explorer →

Defenders, all leagues2,065 players · median €2M

Valued above 54% of the 2,065 defenders.

See them in the Explorer →

Where Muñoz appears

TerminalLaLiga in the Player Explorer
TerminalLaLiga on the League Landscape

Watchlists and the comparison tray are kept in this browser only.

Near this valuation closest observed values: same league, then same position

Counts and ranks of observed Transfermarkt values only; model errors are never ranked here. Full player export: Every player in the modelling population (D-011).