Ayumu
Seko
CBJapan · Le Havre AC
Player dossierLigue 1
AyumuSeko
CBCentre-BackDefender
- Club
- Le Havre AC
- League
- Ligue 1
- Nationality
- Japan
- Age
- 25
- Height
- 186 cm
- Foot
- Right
- Valued
- 1 Jun 2026
Ligue 1Reading the valuation
The market values Seko at €5M. Model A, which never saw Seko during training, estimates €4.6M: the market value is 8% above that estimate.
That is a factor of ×1.08. Model A's typical held-out miss is ×1.50 either way, so this gap is within its usual error.
Without league and club, Model B estimates €2.2M, further from the market. Model B is usually further off (typical miss ×2.07): league and club explain much of how the market prices players.
A gap describes the model's arithmetic for this player's inputs, not what the player is worth.
- Apps
- 30
- Minutes
- 2,625
- Goals
- 0
- Assists
- 0
- Started
- 29/30
- Min / app
- 88
- Cards
- 6Y 0R
Club matches, two years to the valuation date
The Valuation Journey
What moves Model A
Asking the prediction API to explain Model A for Seko…
SHAP describes the model's arithmetic for this player's inputs, not what causes market value. Model B can be explained only by the live service; Model A also has a published explanation for the research players.
Model A vs Model B against the observed €5M
Checking APIAsking the prediction API…
Held-out estimates come from cross-validation, with this player outside the training data: the honest comparison. Served models were refitted on every player, this one included, so they sit closer to the market. Shaded band: Model A's typical miss (×1.50 either way).
Player traitspercentiles vs 2,065 defenders
Dashed ring: the defender median (50th percentile)
Starts
Share of appearances started rather than entered from the bench.
97% this player83% defender median89th percentile
No passing, progression or defensive actions exist in the dataset, so no trait claims to measure them.
Valuation history every Transfermarkt valuation on record
- First valuation
- €50k
- Jan 2019
- Peak
- €5M
- Mar 2026
- Model target
- €5M
- Jun 2026
- Valuations
- 21
- 3 club changes
Jun 2026: €5M, Le Havre AC. Dotted lines mark the €2M, €10M and €30M tier boundaries.
Show as a table
| Date | Market value | Club |
|---|---|---|
| 2019-01-05 | €50k | Cerezo Osaka U18 |
| 2019-05-23 | €150k | Cerezo Osaka |
| 2019-12-28 | €500k | Cerezo Osaka |
| 2020-04-08 | €450k | Cerezo Osaka |
| 2021-01-29 | €800k | Cerezo Osaka |
| 2021-06-29 | €800k | Cerezo Osaka |
| 2022-01-14 | €900k | Cerezo Osaka |
| 2022-06-08 | €1.3M | Grasshopper Club Zurich |
| 2022-11-10 | €1.3M | Grasshopper Club Zurich |
| 2023-03-28 | €1.5M | Grasshopper Club Zurich |
| 2023-06-07 | €3M | Grasshopper Club Zurich |
| 2023-10-19 | €2.4M | Grasshopper Club Zurich |
| 2023-12-21 | €2M | Grasshopper Club Zurich |
| 2024-03-28 | €1.7M | Grasshopper Club Zurich |
| 2024-05-31 | €1.5M | Grasshopper Club Zurich |
| 2024-12-23 | €1M | Grasshopper Club Zurich |
| 2025-06-10 | €1M | Grasshopper Club Zurich |
| 2025-10-10 | €2M | Le Havre AC |
| 2025-12-15 | €3M | Le Havre AC |
| 2026-03-27 | €5M | Le Havre AC |
| 2026-06-01 | €5M | Le Havre AC |
Audit context group-level, not about this player
- Audit group
- non-UEFA
- Population gap, Model A
- +0.093 95% CI +0.063 to +0.124
- This player, market vs held-out A
- +0.073
The group comes from first-listed citizenship and is never a model input. Across the population, non-UEFA players' market values sit about 10% above Model A's held-out estimates, relative to UEFA players in the same leagues. One player's residual says nothing about that pattern (typical miss ×1.50), and none of it is evidence of discrimination: the target may itself be biased. Open the Fairness Audit
In context observed value among comparable players in this build
All players in the Terminal →Ligue 1423 players · median €5M
Valued above 45% of the 423 Ligue 1 players.
See them in the Explorer →Defenders, all leagues2,065 players · median €2M
Valued above 70% of the 2,065 defenders.
See them in the Explorer →Where Seko appears
- TerminalLigue 1 in the Player Explorer
- TerminalLigue 1 on the League Landscape
Watchlists and the comparison tray are kept in this browser only.
Near this valuation closest observed values: same league, then same position
- SaïdSSRC Lens · Ligue 1€5M
- ThauvinRWRC Lens · Ligue 1€5M
- NicolaisenCBFC Toulouse · Ligue 1€5M
- LopezDMParis FC · Ligue 1€5M
- OrbánCBRB Leipzig · defenders€5M
- GinterCBSC Freiburg · defenders€5M
- GuerreiroLBBayern Munich · defenders€5M
- TarkowskiCBEverton FC · defenders€5M
Counts and ranks of observed Transfermarkt values only; model errors are never ranked here. Full player export: Every player in the modelling population (D-011).