FairValue

Checking model

Esc

  • EnvironmentOverviewWhat FairValue measures, what it found, where to go next.
  • EnvironmentTerminalExplore, compare and track players; market, league and model views.
  • EnvironmentStoriesValuations, head-to-heads and research findings, told as stories.
  • TerminalPlayer ExplorerSearch, filter and sort the player export.
  • TerminalComparison StudioTwo to four players on one scale.
  • TerminalWatchlistsNamed collections, kept in this browser.
  • TerminalMarket LandscapeHow observed value is distributed, and where the model drifts.

↑ ↓ to move · Enter to open · Esc to closeLoading player index…

Nicolò

Casale

CBItaly · Bologna FC 1909

№ 389837Established €5.9M −0.43

Player dossierSerie A

NicolòCasale

CBCentre-BackDefender

Club
Bologna FC 1909
League
Serie A
Nationality
Italy
Age
28
Height
191 cm
Foot
Right
Valued
29 May 2026

Reading the valuation

The market values Casale at €3.8M. Model A, which never saw Casale during training, estimates €5.9M: the market value is 35% below that estimate.

That is a factor of ×1.54. Model A's typical held-out miss is ×1.50 either way, so this gap is larger than its usual error.

Without league and club, Model B estimates €3.9M, closer to the market here, although it is usually further off (typical miss ×2.07).

A gap describes the model's arithmetic for this player's inputs, not what the player is worth.

▼ −0.43A €5.9M▼ −0.01B €3.9M
Pitch length is a log value scale fitted to this player's figures. ● observed · ◇ Model A · dashed ◇ Model B · each arc is a residual, log(observed) − log(estimate).
Apps
42
Minutes
2,465
Goals
0
Assists
1
Started
26/42
Min / app
59
Cards
3Y 0R

Club matches, two years to the valuation date

The Valuation Journey

What moves Model A

Asking the prediction API to explain Model A for Casale…

SHAP describes the model's arithmetic for this player's inputs, not what causes market value. Model B can be explained only by the live service; Model A also has a published explanation for the research players.

Model A vs Model B against the observed €3.8M

Checking API
EmergingEstablishedEliteWorld Class€2M€10M€30M€100k€1M€100MMarket €3.8MModel A €5.9M

Asking the prediction API…

Held-out estimates come from cross-validation, with this player outside the training data: the honest comparison. Served models were refitted on every player, this one included, so they sit closer to the market. Shaded band: Model A's typical miss (×1.50 either way).

Player traitspercentiles vs 2,065 defenders

Nicolò Casale's percentiles among defenders: Goals per 90 18th, Assists per 90 48th, Minutes, two years 43rd, Starts 17th, Minutes, last 365 days 31st, European club minutes 91st18thGoals48thAssists43rdMinutes17thStarts31stRecent91stEurope

Dashed ring: the defender median (50th percentile)

European club minutes

Share of minutes played in UEFA club competitions.

26% this player0% defender median91st percentile

0%peer deciles · median line · this player ●85%

No passing, progression or defensive actions exist in the dataset, so no trait claims to measure them.

Valuation history every Transfermarkt valuation on record

First valuation
€50k
Nov 2015
Peak
€22M
Jun 2023
Model target
€3.8M
May 2026
Valuations
26
8 club changes
May 2026€3.8MBologna FC 1909Valuation the model is trained to reproduce

May 2026: €3.8M, Bologna FC 1909. Dotted lines mark the €2M, €10M and €30M tier boundaries.

Show as a table
DateMarket valueClub
2015-11-27€50kHellas Verona Primavera
2016-06-08€75kHellas Verona Primavera
2017-06-26€125kHellas Verona Primavera
2017-12-21€125kAC Perugia Calcio
2018-06-19€100kAC Prato
2018-12-14€150kFC Südtirol
2019-06-20€150kFC Südtirol
2019-12-30€200kVenezia FC
2020-08-21€400kVenezia FC
2021-02-22€500kEmpoli FC
2021-06-24€500kEmpoli FC
2021-10-14€2MHellas Verona
2021-12-28€4MHellas Verona
2022-03-15€6MHellas Verona
2022-06-07€7.5MHellas Verona
2022-11-11€9MSS Lazio
2023-03-21€17MSS Lazio
2023-06-15€22MSS Lazio
2023-12-20€20MSS Lazio
2024-03-12€14MSS Lazio
2024-06-05€14MSS Lazio
2024-10-18€8MBologna FC 1909
2024-12-18€7MBologna FC 1909
2025-06-17€6MBologna FC 1909
2025-12-23€5MBologna FC 1909
2026-05-29€3.8MBologna FC 1909

Audit context group-level, not about this player

Audit group
UEFA
Population gap, Model A
+0.093 95% CI +0.063 to +0.124
This player, market vs held-out A
−0.433

The group comes from first-listed citizenship and is never a model input. Across the population, non-UEFA players' market values sit about 10% above Model A's held-out estimates, relative to UEFA players in the same leagues. One player's residual says nothing about that pattern (typical miss ×1.50), and none of it is evidence of discrimination: the target may itself be biased. Open the Fairness Audit

In context observed value among comparable players in this build

All players in the Terminal →

Serie A507 players · median €5.5M

Valued above 38% of the 507 Serie A players.

€100k€750k€5M€30M€3.8MSee them in the Explorer →

Defenders, all leagues2,065 players · median €2M

Valued above 65% of the 2,065 defenders.

€20k€200k€2M€20M€3.8MSee them in the Explorer →

Where Casale appears

Watchlists and the comparison tray are kept in this browser only.

Near this valuation closest observed values: same league, then same position

Counts and ranks of observed Transfermarkt values only; model errors are never ranked here. Full player export: Every player in the modelling population (D-011).