Axel
Tape
CBFrance · Bayer 04 Leverkusen
Player dossierBundesliga
AxelTape
CBCentre-BackDefender
- Club
- Bayer 04 Leverkusen
- League
- Bundesliga
- Nationality
- France
- Age
- 18
- Height
- 180 cm
- Foot
- Right
- Valued
- 27 May 2026
BundesligaReading the valuation
The market values Tape at €8M. Model A, which never saw Tape during training, estimates €5.7M: the market value is 40% above that estimate.
That is a factor of ×1.40. Model A's typical held-out miss is ×1.50 either way, so this gap is within its usual error.
Without league and club, Model B estimates €1.8M, further from the market. Model B is usually further off (typical miss ×2.07): league and club explain much of how the market prices players.
A gap describes the model's arithmetic for this player's inputs, not what the player is worth.
- Apps
- 10
- Minutes
- 468
- Goals
- 0
- Assists
- 0
- Started
- 5/10
- Min / app
- 47
- Cards
- 2Y 0R
Club matches, two years to the valuation date
The Valuation Journey
What moves Model A
Asking the prediction API to explain Model A for Tape…
SHAP describes the model's arithmetic for this player's inputs, not what causes market value. Model B can be explained only by the live service; Model A also has a published explanation for the research players.
Model A vs Model B against the observed €8M
Checking APIAsking the prediction API…
Held-out estimates come from cross-validation, with this player outside the training data: the honest comparison. Served models were refitted on every player, this one included, so they sit closer to the market. Shaded band: Model A's typical miss (×1.50 either way).
Player traitspercentiles vs 2,065 defenders
Dashed ring: the defender median (50th percentile)
European club minutes
Share of minutes played in UEFA club competitions.
9% this player0% defender median71st percentile
No passing, progression or defensive actions exist in the dataset, so no trait claims to measure them.
Valuation history every Transfermarkt valuation on record
- First valuation
- €2M
- Jun 2025
- Peak
- €8M
- Oct 2025
- Model target
- €8M
- May 2026
- Valuations
- 4
- 1 club change
May 2026: €8M, Bayer 04 Leverkusen. Dotted lines mark the €2M, €10M and €30M tier boundaries.
Show as a table
| Date | Market value | Club |
|---|---|---|
| 2025-06-03 | €2M | Paris Saint-Germain Espoirs |
| 2025-10-14 | €8M | Bayer 04 Leverkusen |
| 2025-12-19 | €8M | Bayer 04 Leverkusen |
| 2026-05-27 | €8M | Bayer 04 Leverkusen |
Audit context group-level, not about this player
- Audit group
- UEFA
- Population gap, Model A
- +0.093 95% CI +0.063 to +0.124
- This player, market vs held-out A
- +0.338
The group comes from first-listed citizenship and is never a model input. Across the population, non-UEFA players' market values sit about 10% above Model A's held-out estimates, relative to UEFA players in the same leagues. One player's residual says nothing about that pattern (typical miss ×1.50), and none of it is evidence of discrimination: the target may itself be biased. Open the Fairness Audit
In context observed value among comparable players in this build
All players in the Terminal →Bundesliga451 players · median €5M
Valued above 60% of the 451 Bundesliga players.
See them in the Explorer →Defenders, all leagues2,065 players · median €2M
Valued above 78% of the 2,065 defenders.
See them in the Explorer →Where Tape appears
Watchlists and the comparison tray are kept in this browser only.
Near this valuation closest observed values: same league, then same position
- ElvediCBBorussia Mönchengladbach · Bundesliga€8M
- KleindienstCFBorussia Mönchengladbach · Bundesliga€8M
- KarazorDMVfB Stuttgart · Bundesliga€8M
- NicolasGKBorussia Mönchengladbach · Bundesliga€8M
- LaporteCBAthletic Bilbao · defenders€8M
- MaguireCBManchester United · defenders€8M
- CanceloRBFC Barcelona · defenders€8M
- ShawLBManchester United · defenders€8M
Counts and ranks of observed Transfermarkt values only; model errors are never ranked here. Full player export: Every player in the modelling population (D-011).