William
Bøving
CFDenmark · 1.FSV Mainz 05
Player dossierBundesliga
WilliamBøving
CFCentre-ForwardAttack
- Club
- 1.FSV Mainz 05
- League
- Bundesliga
- Nationality
- Denmark
- Age
- 23
- Height
- 176 cm
- Foot
- Both
- Valued
- 27 May 2026
BundesligaReading the valuation
The market values Bøving at €3.5M. Model A, which never saw Bøving during training, estimates €2.5M: the market value is 42% above that estimate.
That is a factor of ×1.42. Model A's typical held-out miss is ×1.50 either way, so this gap is within its usual error.
Without league and club, Model B estimates €1.4M, further from the market. Model B is usually further off (typical miss ×2.07): league and club explain much of how the market prices players.
A gap describes the model's arithmetic for this player's inputs, not what the player is worth.
- Apps
- 20
- Minutes
- 1,062
- Goals
- 0
- Assists
- 3
- Started
- 12/20
- Min / app
- 53
- Cards
- 1Y 0R
Club matches, two years to the valuation date
The Valuation Journey
What moves Model A
Asking the prediction API to explain Model A for Bøving…
SHAP describes the model's arithmetic for this player's inputs, not what causes market value. Model B can be explained only by the live service; Model A also has a published explanation for the research players.
Model A vs Model B against the observed €3.5M
Checking APIAsking the prediction API…
Held-out estimates come from cross-validation, with this player outside the training data: the honest comparison. Served models were refitted on every player, this one included, so they sit closer to the market. Shaded band: Model A's typical miss (×1.50 either way).
Player traitspercentiles vs 1,583 attackers
Dashed ring: the attacker median (50th percentile)
European club minutes
Share of minutes played in UEFA club competitions.
79% this player0% attacker median100th percentile
No passing, progression or defensive actions exist in the dataset, so no trait claims to measure them.
Valuation history every Transfermarkt valuation on record
- First valuation
- €150k
- Mar 2020
- Peak
- €8M
- Jun 2025
- Model target
- €3.5M
- May 2026
- Valuations
- 17
- 3 club changes
May 2026: €3.5M, 1.FSV Mainz 05. Dotted lines mark the €2M, €10M and €30M tier boundaries.
Show as a table
| Date | Market value | Club |
|---|---|---|
| 2020-03-09 | €150k | FC Copenhagen U19 |
| 2020-07-31 | €150k | FC Copenhagen U19 |
| 2020-12-23 | €100k | FC Copenhagen U19 |
| 2021-06-04 | €100k | FC Copenhagen U19 |
| 2021-10-06 | €1M | FC Copenhagen |
| 2021-12-28 | €2.5M | FC Copenhagen |
| 2022-06-20 | €2.5M | FC Copenhagen |
| 2022-11-10 | €3M | SK Sturm Graz |
| 2023-06-12 | €3M | SK Sturm Graz |
| 2023-12-11 | €3M | SK Sturm Graz |
| 2024-03-11 | €2.5M | SK Sturm Graz |
| 2024-05-21 | €3.5M | SK Sturm Graz |
| 2024-12-17 | €5M | SK Sturm Graz |
| 2025-06-06 | €8M | SK Sturm Graz |
| 2025-12-19 | €5M | 1.FSV Mainz 05 |
| 2026-03-20 | €3.5M | 1.FSV Mainz 05 |
| 2026-05-27 | €3.5M | 1.FSV Mainz 05 |
Audit context group-level, not about this player
- Audit group
- UEFA
- Population gap, Model A
- +0.093 95% CI +0.063 to +0.124
- This player, market vs held-out A
- +0.353
The group comes from first-listed citizenship and is never a model input. Across the population, non-UEFA players' market values sit about 10% above Model A's held-out estimates, relative to UEFA players in the same leagues. One player's residual says nothing about that pattern (typical miss ×1.50), and none of it is evidence of discrimination: the target may itself be biased. Open the Fairness Audit
In context observed value among comparable players in this build
All players in the Terminal →Bundesliga451 players · median €5M
Valued above 37% of the 451 Bundesliga players.
See them in the Explorer →Attackers, all leagues1,583 players · median €2.5M
Valued above 56% of the 1,583 attackers.
See them in the Explorer →Where Bøving appears
Watchlists and the comparison tray are kept in this browser only.
Near this valuation closest observed values: same league, then same position
- TabakovicCFBorussia Mönchengladbach · Bundesliga€3.5M
- KlostermannCBRB Leipzig · Bundesliga€3.5M
- PrömelCMTSG 1899 Hoffenheim · Bundesliga€3.5M
- ÖzcanDMBorussia Dortmund · Bundesliga€3.5M
- FüllkrugCFAC Milan · attackers€3.5M
- IngsCFSheffield United · attackers€3.5M
- BernardeschiRWBologna FC 1909 · attackers€3.5M
- YaremchukCFOlympique Lyon · attackers€3.5M
Counts and ranks of observed Transfermarkt values only; model errors are never ranked here. Full player export: Every player in the modelling population (D-011).