Tom
Krauß
DMGermany · 1.FC Köln
Player dossierBundesliga
TomKrauß
DMDefensive MidfieldMidfield
- Club
- 1.FC Köln
- League
- Bundesliga
- Nationality
- Germany
- Age
- 24
- Height
- 182 cm
- Foot
- Right
- Valued
- 27 May 2026
Reading the valuation
The market values Krauß at €4.5M. Model A, which never saw Krauß during training, estimates €7.1M: the market value is 37% below that estimate.
That is a factor of ×1.58. Model A's typical held-out miss is ×1.50 either way, so this gap is larger than its usual error.
Without league and club, Model B estimates €2.4M, further from the market. Model B is usually further off (typical miss ×2.07): league and club explain much of how the market prices players.
A gap describes the model's arithmetic for this player's inputs, not what the player is worth.
- Apps
- 41
- Minutes
- 2,943
- Goals
- 0
- Assists
- 2
- Started
- 33/41
- Min / app
- 72
- Cards
- 6Y 0R
Club matches, two years to the valuation date
The Valuation Journey
What moves Model A
Asking the prediction API to explain Model A for Krauß…
SHAP describes the model's arithmetic for this player's inputs, not what causes market value. Model B can be explained only by the live service; Model A also has a published explanation for the research players.
Model A vs Model B against the observed €4.5M
Checking APIAsking the prediction API…
Held-out estimates come from cross-validation, with this player outside the training data: the honest comparison. Served models were refitted on every player, this one included, so they sit closer to the market. Shaded band: Model A's typical miss (×1.50 either way).
Player traitspercentiles vs 1,687 midfielders
Dashed ring: the midfielder median (50th percentile)
Starts
Share of appearances started rather than entered from the bench.
80% this player69% midfielder median71st percentile
No passing, progression or defensive actions exist in the dataset, so no trait claims to measure them.
Valuation history every Transfermarkt valuation on record
- First valuation
- €300k
- Jul 2019
- Peak
- €7M
- Jun 2023
- Model target
- €4.5M
- May 2026
- Valuations
- 18
- 6 club changes
May 2026: €4.5M, 1.FC Köln. Dotted lines mark the €2M, €10M and €30M tier boundaries.
Show as a table
| Date | Market value | Club |
|---|---|---|
| 2019-07-28 | €300k | RB Leipzig |
| 2019-12-17 | €300k | RB Leipzig |
| 2020-11-18 | €1M | 1.FC Nuremberg |
| 2021-02-08 | €1.5M | 1.FC Nuremberg |
| 2021-06-16 | €3M | 1.FC Nuremberg |
| 2021-10-13 | €4M | 1.FC Nuremberg |
| 2021-12-15 | €4M | 1.FC Nuremberg |
| 2022-06-16 | €4M | 1.FC Nuremberg |
| 2022-11-09 | €6M | FC Schalke 04 |
| 2023-06-22 | €7M | FC Schalke 04 |
| 2023-10-18 | €5.5M | 1.FSV Mainz 05 |
| 2023-12-14 | €5.5M | 1.FSV Mainz 05 |
| 2024-05-29 | €4M | 1.FSV Mainz 05 |
| 2024-12-30 | €4M | Luton Town |
| 2025-06-05 | €4M | VfL Bochum |
| 2025-12-19 | €3.5M | 1.FC Köln |
| 2026-03-20 | €4.5M | 1.FC Köln |
| 2026-05-27 | €4.5M | 1.FC Köln |
Audit context group-level, not about this player
- Audit group
- UEFA
- Population gap, Model A
- +0.093 95% CI +0.063 to +0.124
- This player, market vs held-out A
- −0.455
The group comes from first-listed citizenship and is never a model input. Across the population, non-UEFA players' market values sit about 10% above Model A's held-out estimates, relative to UEFA players in the same leagues. One player's residual says nothing about that pattern (typical miss ×1.50), and none of it is evidence of discrimination: the target may itself be biased. Open the Fairness Audit
In context observed value among comparable players in this build
All players in the Terminal →Bundesliga451 players · median €5M
Valued above 45% of the 451 Bundesliga players.
See them in the Explorer →Midfielders, all leagues1,687 players · median €2M
Valued above 64% of the 1,687 midfielders.
See them in the Explorer →Where Krauß appears
Watchlists and the comparison tray are kept in this browser only.
Near this valuation closest observed values: same league, then same position
- VasiljGKFC St. Pauli · Bundesliga€4.5M
- AguLBSV Werder Bremen · Bundesliga€4.5M
- SchäferCM1.FC Union Berlin · Bundesliga€4.5M
- OrbánCBRB Leipzig · Bundesliga€5M
- LeminaDMGalatasaray · midfielders€4.5M
- FredCMFenerbahce · midfielders€4.5M
- BentalebDMLOSC Lille · midfielders€4.5M
- PiotrowskiCMUdinese Calcio · midfielders€4.5M
Counts and ranks of observed Transfermarkt values only; model errors are never ranked here. Full player export: Every player in the modelling population (D-011).