Maxime
Bernauer
CBFrance · AS Saint-Étienne
Player dossierLigue 1
MaximeBernauer
CBCentre-BackDefender
- Club
- AS Saint-Étienne
- League
- Ligue 1
- Nationality
- France
- Age
- 27
- Height
- 185 cm
- Foot
- Right
- Valued
- 11 Dec 2025
Reading the valuation
The market values Bernauer at €1.8M. Model A, which never saw Bernauer during training, estimates €2M: the market value is 8% below that estimate.
That is a factor of ×1.09. Model A's typical held-out miss is ×1.50 either way, so this gap is within its usual error.
Without league and club, Model B estimates €1.2M, further from the market. Model B is usually further off (typical miss ×2.07): league and club explain much of how the market prices players.
A gap describes the model's arithmetic for this player's inputs, not what the player is worth.
- Apps
- 19
- Minutes
- 1,299
- Goals
- 0
- Assists
- 0
- Started
- 14/19
- Min / app
- 68
- Cards
- 4Y 0R
Club matches, two years to the valuation date
The Valuation Journey
What moves Model A
Asking the prediction API to explain Model A for Bernauer…
SHAP describes the model's arithmetic for this player's inputs, not what causes market value. Model B can be explained only by the live service; Model A also has a published explanation for the research players.
Model A vs Model B against the observed €1.8M
Checking APIAsking the prediction API…
Held-out estimates come from cross-validation, with this player outside the training data: the honest comparison. Served models were refitted on every player, this one included, so they sit closer to the market. Shaded band: Model A's typical miss (×1.50 either way).
Player traitspercentiles vs 2,065 defenders
Dashed ring: the defender median (50th percentile)
European club minutes
Share of minutes played in UEFA club competitions.
41% this player0% defender median98th percentile
No passing, progression or defensive actions exist in the dataset, so no trait claims to measure them.
Valuation history every Transfermarkt valuation on record
- First valuation
- €300k
- Aug 2020
- Peak
- €2M
- Jun 2024
- Model target
- €1.8M
- Dec 2025
- Valuations
- 12
- 3 club changes
Dec 2025: €1.8M, AS Saint-Étienne. Dotted lines mark the €2M, €10M and €30M tier boundaries.
Show as a table
| Date | Market value | Club |
|---|---|---|
| 2020-08-14 | €300k | Le Mans FC |
| 2020-11-11 | €500k | Le Mans FC |
| 2021-06-25 | €400k | Le Mans FC |
| 2021-12-27 | €800k | Paris FC |
| 2022-06-02 | €700k | Paris FC |
| 2022-10-28 | €700k | Paris FC |
| 2023-06-16 | €1M | Paris FC |
| 2023-12-18 | €1.2M | GNK Dinamo Zagreb |
| 2024-06-04 | €2M | GNK Dinamo Zagreb |
| 2024-12-23 | €2M | GNK Dinamo Zagreb |
| 2025-06-03 | €2M | AS Saint-Étienne |
| 2025-12-11 | €1.8M | AS Saint-Étienne |
Audit context group-level, not about this player
- Audit group
- UEFA
- Population gap, Model A
- +0.093 95% CI +0.063 to +0.124
- This player, market vs held-out A
- −0.088
The group comes from first-listed citizenship and is never a model input. Across the population, non-UEFA players' market values sit about 10% above Model A's held-out estimates, relative to UEFA players in the same leagues. One player's residual says nothing about that pattern (typical miss ×1.50), and none of it is evidence of discrimination: the target may itself be biased. Open the Fairness Audit
In context observed value among comparable players in this build
All players in the Terminal →Ligue 1423 players · median €5M
Valued above 16% of the 423 Ligue 1 players.
See them in the Explorer →Defenders, all leagues2,065 players · median €2M
Valued above 48% of the 2,065 defenders.
See them in the Explorer →Where Bernauer appears
- TerminalLigue 1 in the Player Explorer
- TerminalLigue 1 on the League Landscape
Watchlists and the comparison tray are kept in this browser only.
Near this valuation closest observed values: same league, then same position
- TrappGKParis FC · Ligue 1€1.8M
- ImmobileCFParis FC · Ligue 1€1.8M
- BelkeblaCMAngers SCO · Ligue 1€1.8M
- BoufalAMLe Havre AC · Ligue 1€1.8M
- LejeuneCBRayo Vallecano · defenders€1.8M
- IngasonCBPanathinaikos · defenders€1.8M
- FriedrichCBBorussia Mönchengladbach · defenders€1.8M
- BurgessCBUnion Saint-Gilloise · defenders€1.8M
Counts and ranks of observed Transfermarkt values only; model errors are never ranked here. Full player export: Every player in the modelling population (D-011).