Phillipp
Mwene
LBAustria · 1.FSV Mainz 05
Player dossierBundesliga
PhillippMwene
LBLeft-BackDefender
- Club
- 1.FSV Mainz 05
- League
- Bundesliga
- Nationality
- Austria
- Age
- 32
- Height
- 170 cm
- Foot
- Right
- Valued
- 27 May 2026
BundesligaReading the valuation
The market values Mwene at €1.5M. Model A, which never saw Mwene during training, estimates €2.4M: the market value is 37% below that estimate.
That is a factor of ×1.59. Model A's typical held-out miss is ×1.50 either way, so this gap is larger than its usual error.
Without league and club, Model B estimates €1.4M, closer to the market here, although it is usually further off (typical miss ×2.07).
A gap describes the model's arithmetic for this player's inputs, not what the player is worth.
- Apps
- 66
- Minutes
- 5,079
- Goals
- 2
- Assists
- 10
- Started
- 61/66
- Min / app
- 77
- Cards
- 11Y 0R
Club matches, two years to the valuation date
The Valuation Journey
What moves Model A
Asking the prediction API to explain Model A for Mwene…
SHAP describes the model's arithmetic for this player's inputs, not what causes market value. Model B can be explained only by the live service; Model A also has a published explanation for the research players.
Model A vs Model B against the observed €1.5M
Checking APIAsking the prediction API…
Held-out estimates come from cross-validation, with this player outside the training data: the honest comparison. Served models were refitted on every player, this one included, so they sit closer to the market. Shaded band: Model A's typical miss (×1.50 either way).
Player traitspercentiles vs 2,065 defenders
Dashed ring: the defender median (50th percentile)
Assists per 90
Club assists per 90 minutes in the same window.
0.18 this player0.04 defender median93rd percentile
No passing, progression or defensive actions exist in the dataset, so no trait claims to measure them.
Valuation history every Transfermarkt valuation on record
- First valuation
- €50k
- Jan 2013
- Peak
- €3M
- Jan 2022
- Model target
- €1.5M
- May 2026
- Valuations
- 32
- 5 club changes
May 2026: €1.5M, 1.FSV Mainz 05. Dotted lines mark the €2M, €10M and €30M tier boundaries.
Show as a table
| Date | Market value | Club |
|---|---|---|
| 2013-01-30 | €50k | VfB Stuttgart U19 |
| 2013-06-28 | €100k | VfB Stuttgart U19 |
| 2014-01-24 | €150k | VfB Stuttgart II |
| 2014-06-30 | €200k | VfB Stuttgart II |
| 2015-03-07 | €200k | VfB Stuttgart II |
| 2015-07-01 | €200k | VfB Stuttgart II |
| 2016-02-08 | €275k | VfB Stuttgart II |
| 2016-07-01 | €300k | VfB Stuttgart II |
| 2016-10-06 | €500k | 1.FC Kaiserslautern |
| 2017-01-23 | €700k | 1.FC Kaiserslautern |
| 2017-06-27 | €850k | 1.FC Kaiserslautern |
| 2018-01-22 | €800k | 1.FC Kaiserslautern |
| 2018-06-19 | €1M | 1.FC Kaiserslautern |
| 2018-12-18 | €1.5M | 1.FSV Mainz 05 |
| 2019-06-05 | €1.5M | 1.FSV Mainz 05 |
| 2019-12-17 | €1M | 1.FSV Mainz 05 |
| 2020-04-08 | €800k | 1.FSV Mainz 05 |
| 2021-02-10 | €800k | 1.FSV Mainz 05 |
| 2021-03-31 | €1.2M | 1.FSV Mainz 05 |
| 2021-05-27 | €2.2M | 1.FSV Mainz 05 |
| 2021-10-04 | €2.5M | PSV Eindhoven |
| 2022-01-05 | €3M | PSV Eindhoven |
| 2022-06-08 | €3M | PSV Eindhoven |
| 2022-11-11 | €3M | PSV Eindhoven |
| 2023-06-23 | €3M | PSV Eindhoven |
| 2023-10-18 | €1.5M | 1.FSV Mainz 05 |
| 2023-12-14 | €1.5M | 1.FSV Mainz 05 |
| 2024-05-29 | €1.8M | 1.FSV Mainz 05 |
| 2024-12-20 | €1.8M | 1.FSV Mainz 05 |
| 2025-06-05 | €1.8M | 1.FSV Mainz 05 |
| 2025-12-19 | €1.5M | 1.FSV Mainz 05 |
| 2026-05-27 | €1.5M | 1.FSV Mainz 05 |
Audit context group-level, not about this player
- Audit group
- UEFA
- Population gap, Model A
- +0.093 95% CI +0.063 to +0.124
- This player, market vs held-out A
- −0.465
The group comes from first-listed citizenship and is never a model input. Across the population, non-UEFA players' market values sit about 10% above Model A's held-out estimates, relative to UEFA players in the same leagues. One player's residual says nothing about that pattern (typical miss ×1.50), and none of it is evidence of discrimination: the target may itself be biased. Open the Fairness Audit
In context observed value among comparable players in this build
All players in the Terminal →Bundesliga451 players · median €5M
Valued above 12% of the 451 Bundesliga players.
See them in the Explorer →Defenders, all leagues2,065 players · median €2M
Valued above 43% of the 2,065 defenders.
See them in the Explorer →Where Mwene appears
Watchlists and the comparison tray are kept in this browser only.
Near this valuation closest observed values: same league, then same position
- HofmannAMBayer 04 Leverkusen · Bundesliga€1.5M
- KüblerRBSC Freiburg · Bundesliga€1.5M
- GregoritschCFFC Augsburg · Bundesliga€1.5M
- WahlCBFC St. Pauli · Bundesliga€1.5M
- TraunerCBFeyenoord Rotterdam · defenders€1.5M
- WalkerRBBurnley FC · defenders€1.5M
- TrippierRBNewcastle United · defenders€1.5M
- MeunierRBLOSC Lille · defenders€1.5M
Counts and ranks of observed Transfermarkt values only; model errors are never ranked here. Full player export: Every player in the modelling population (D-011).