Jeffrey
Gouweleeuw
CBNetherlands · FC Augsburg
Player dossierBundesliga
JeffreyGouweleeuw
CBCentre-BackDefender
- Club
- FC Augsburg
- League
- Bundesliga
- Nationality
- Netherlands
- Age
- 34
- Height
- 188 cm
- Foot
- Right
- Valued
- 27 May 2026
BundesligaReading the valuation
The market values Gouweleeuw at €1M. Model A, which never saw Gouweleeuw during training, estimates €579k: the market value is 73% above that estimate.
That is a factor of ×1.73. Model A's typical held-out miss is ×1.50 either way, so this gap is larger than its usual error.
Without league and club, Model B estimates €284k, further from the market. Model B is usually further off (typical miss ×2.07): league and club explain much of how the market prices players.
A gap describes the model's arithmetic for this player's inputs, not what the player is worth.
- Apps
- 49
- Minutes
- 4,276
- Goals
- 1
- Assists
- 5
- Started
- 48/49
- Min / app
- 87
- Cards
- 12Y 0R
Club matches, two years to the valuation date
The Valuation Journey
What moves Model A
Asking the prediction API to explain Model A for Gouweleeuw…
SHAP describes the model's arithmetic for this player's inputs, not what causes market value. Model B can be explained only by the live service; Model A also has a published explanation for the research players.
Model A vs Model B against the observed €1M
Checking APIAsking the prediction API…
Held-out estimates come from cross-validation, with this player outside the training data: the honest comparison. Served models were refitted on every player, this one included, so they sit closer to the market. Shaded band: Model A's typical miss (×1.50 either way).
Player traitspercentiles vs 2,065 defenders
Dashed ring: the defender median (50th percentile)
Starts
Share of appearances started rather than entered from the bench.
98% this player83% defender median92nd percentile
No passing, progression or defensive actions exist in the dataset, so no trait claims to measure them.
Valuation history every Transfermarkt valuation on record
- First valuation
- €50k
- Apr 2011
- Peak
- €12M
- Dec 2018
- Model target
- €1M
- May 2026
- Valuations
- 33
- 3 club changes
May 2026: €1M, FC Augsburg. Dotted lines mark the €2M, €10M and €30M tier boundaries.
Show as a table
| Date | Market value | Club |
|---|---|---|
| 2011-04-07 | €50k | sc Heerenveen/Emmen II |
| 2011-06-28 | €300k | sc Heerenveen/Emmen II |
| 2011-10-21 | €500k | SC Heerenveen |
| 2012-01-10 | €1.5M | SC Heerenveen |
| 2012-07-06 | €3M | SC Heerenveen |
| 2013-01-16 | €2.5M | SC Heerenveen |
| 2013-06-12 | €2.5M | SC Heerenveen |
| 2014-02-11 | €2.5M | AZ Alkmaar |
| 2014-08-11 | €2.5M | AZ Alkmaar |
| 2015-02-16 | €2.5M | AZ Alkmaar |
| 2015-07-01 | €3M | AZ Alkmaar |
| 2016-02-15 | €3M | FC Augsburg |
| 2016-07-22 | €3.5M | FC Augsburg |
| 2017-02-07 | €3.5M | FC Augsburg |
| 2017-06-19 | €3.5M | FC Augsburg |
| 2017-12-28 | €6M | FC Augsburg |
| 2018-06-05 | €8M | FC Augsburg |
| 2018-12-18 | €12M | FC Augsburg |
| 2019-06-05 | €12M | FC Augsburg |
| 2019-12-17 | €12M | FC Augsburg |
| 2020-04-08 | €9.5M | FC Augsburg |
| 2021-02-10 | €9M | FC Augsburg |
| 2021-06-09 | €7M | FC Augsburg |
| 2021-12-22 | €4.5M | FC Augsburg |
| 2022-06-09 | €3.5M | FC Augsburg |
| 2022-11-09 | €3.5M | FC Augsburg |
| 2023-06-22 | €3M | FC Augsburg |
| 2023-12-14 | €3M | FC Augsburg |
| 2024-05-29 | €2M | FC Augsburg |
| 2024-12-20 | €1.5M | FC Augsburg |
| 2025-06-05 | €1.5M | FC Augsburg |
| 2025-12-19 | €1M | FC Augsburg |
| 2026-05-27 | €1M | FC Augsburg |
Audit context group-level, not about this player
- Audit group
- UEFA
- Population gap, Model A
- +0.093 95% CI +0.063 to +0.124
- This player, market vs held-out A
- +0.546
The group comes from first-listed citizenship and is never a model input. Across the population, non-UEFA players' market values sit about 10% above Model A's held-out estimates, relative to UEFA players in the same leagues. One player's residual says nothing about that pattern (typical miss ×1.50), and none of it is evidence of discrimination: the target may itself be biased. Open the Fairness Audit
In context observed value among comparable players in this build
All players in the Terminal →Bundesliga451 players · median €5M
Valued above 7% of the 451 Bundesliga players.
See them in the Explorer →Defenders, all leagues2,065 players · median €2M
Valued above 35% of the 2,065 defenders.
See them in the Explorer →Where Gouweleeuw appears
Watchlists and the comparison tray are kept in this browser only.
Near this valuation closest observed values: same league, then same position
- DzekoCFFC Schalke 04 · Bundesliga€1M
- GulácsiGKRB Leipzig · Bundesliga€1M
- BuschRB1.FC Heidenheim 1846 · Bundesliga€1M
- PoulsenCFHamburger SV · Bundesliga€1M
- OtamendiCBSL Benfica · defenders€1M
- AzpilicuetaCBSevilla FC · defenders€1M
- KaravaevRBDynamo Kyiv · defenders€1M
- BerchicheLBAthletic Bilbao · defenders€1M
Counts and ranks of observed Transfermarkt values only; model errors are never ranked here. Full player export: Every player in the modelling population (D-011).