Stefan
Schwab
CMAustria · Holstein Kiel
Player dossierBundesliga
StefanSchwab
CMCentral MidfieldMidfield
- Club
- Holstein Kiel
- League
- Bundesliga
- Nationality
- Austria
- Age
- 35
- Height
- 183 cm
- Foot
- Left
- Valued
- 16 Dec 2025
BundesligaReading the valuation
The market values Schwab at €300k. Model A, which never saw Schwab during training, estimates €628k: the market value is 52% below that estimate.
That is a factor of ×2.09. Model A's typical held-out miss is ×1.50 either way, so this gap is larger than its usual error.
Without league and club, Model B estimates €407k, closer to the market here, although it is usually further off (typical miss ×2.07).
A gap describes the model's arithmetic for this player's inputs, not what the player is worth.
- Apps
- 55
- Minutes
- 2,872
- Goals
- 8
- Assists
- 3
- Started
- 31/55
- Min / app
- 52
- Cards
- 6Y 0R
Club matches, two years to the valuation date
The Valuation Journey
What moves Model A
Asking the prediction API to explain Model A for Schwab…
SHAP describes the model's arithmetic for this player's inputs, not what causes market value. Model B can be explained only by the live service; Model A also has a published explanation for the research players.
Model A vs Model B against the observed €300k
Checking APIAsking the prediction API…
Held-out estimates come from cross-validation, with this player outside the training data: the honest comparison. Served models were refitted on every player, this one included, so they sit closer to the market. Shaded band: Model A's typical miss (×1.50 either way).
Player traitspercentiles vs 1,687 midfielders
Dashed ring: the midfielder median (50th percentile)
European club minutes
Share of minutes played in UEFA club competitions.
27% this player0% midfielder median94th percentile
No passing, progression or defensive actions exist in the dataset, so no trait claims to measure them.
Valuation history every Transfermarkt valuation on record
- First valuation
- €75k
- Mar 2009
- Peak
- €2.5M
- Jun 2018
- Model target
- €300k
- Dec 2025
- Valuations
- 42
- 5 club changes
Dec 2025: €300k, Holstein Kiel. Dotted lines mark the €2M, €10M and €30M tier boundaries.
Show as a table
| Date | Market value | Club |
|---|---|---|
| 2009-03-16 | €75k | Red Bull Juniors Salzburg (- 2012) |
| 2009-04-16 | €100k | Red Bull Juniors Salzburg (- 2012) |
| 2009-08-11 | €125k | Red Bull Juniors Salzburg (- 2012) |
| 2009-09-23 | €175k | Red Bull Juniors Salzburg (- 2012) |
| 2009-11-09 | €200k | Red Bull Juniors Salzburg (- 2012) |
| 2010-05-29 | €175k | Red Bull Juniors Salzburg (- 2012) |
| 2010-10-01 | €225k | FC Lustenau |
| 2011-04-07 | €300k | FC Admira Wacker Mödling |
| 2011-09-21 | €450k | FC Admira Wacker Mödling |
| 2011-12-30 | €550k | FC Admira Wacker Mödling |
| 2012-05-30 | €600k | FC Admira Wacker Mödling |
| 2012-09-24 | €550k | FC Admira Wacker Mödling |
| 2012-12-19 | €550k | FC Admira Wacker Mödling |
| 2013-06-04 | €650k | FC Admira Wacker Mödling |
| 2013-12-27 | €800k | FC Admira Wacker Mödling |
| 2014-06-20 | €800k | FC Admira Wacker Mödling |
| 2015-01-11 | €1M | Rapid Vienna |
| 2015-06-17 | €1M | Rapid Vienna |
| 2015-10-02 | €1.3M | Rapid Vienna |
| 2015-12-29 | €1.5M | Rapid Vienna |
| 2016-06-01 | €1.5M | Rapid Vienna |
| 2016-12-22 | €2M | Rapid Vienna |
| 2017-06-02 | €2M | Rapid Vienna |
| 2018-01-02 | €2M | Rapid Vienna |
| 2018-06-14 | €2.5M | Rapid Vienna |
| 2018-12-19 | €2.5M | Rapid Vienna |
| 2019-06-03 | €2M | Rapid Vienna |
| 2019-12-16 | €2M | Rapid Vienna |
| 2020-04-08 | €1.6M | Rapid Vienna |
| 2020-07-22 | €1.5M | Rapid Vienna |
| 2021-02-12 | €1.8M | PAOK Thessaloniki |
| 2021-05-30 | €2M | PAOK Thessaloniki |
| 2021-11-01 | €2M | PAOK Thessaloniki |
| 2022-02-22 | €1.5M | PAOK Thessaloniki |
| 2022-06-09 | €1.2M | PAOK Thessaloniki |
| 2022-11-07 | €1M | PAOK Thessaloniki |
| 2023-05-22 | €1M | PAOK Thessaloniki |
| 2023-12-20 | €1M | PAOK Thessaloniki |
| 2024-05-30 | €900k | PAOK Thessaloniki |
| 2024-12-18 | €800k | PAOK Thessaloniki |
| 2025-05-23 | €600k | PAOK Thessaloniki |
| 2025-12-16 | €300k | Holstein Kiel |
Audit context group-level, not about this player
- Audit group
- UEFA
- Population gap, Model A
- +0.093 95% CI +0.063 to +0.124
- This player, market vs held-out A
- −0.738
The group comes from first-listed citizenship and is never a model input. Across the population, non-UEFA players' market values sit about 10% above Model A's held-out estimates, relative to UEFA players in the same leagues. One player's residual says nothing about that pattern (typical miss ×1.50), and none of it is evidence of discrimination: the target may itself be biased. Open the Fairness Audit
In context observed value among comparable players in this build
All players in the Terminal →Bundesliga451 players · median €5M
The joint lowest observed value among 451 Bundesliga players.
See them in the Explorer →Midfielders, all leagues1,687 players · median €2M
Valued above 7% of the 1,687 midfielders.
See them in the Explorer →Where Schwab appears
Watchlists and the comparison tray are kept in this browser only.
Near this valuation closest observed values: same league, then same position
- MüllerGK1.FC Heidenheim 1846 · Bundesliga€300k
- DrewesGKBorussia Dortmund · Bundesliga€300k
- ErrasCBHolstein Kiel · Bundesliga€300k
- SchimmerCF1.FC Heidenheim 1846 · Bundesliga€300k
- TrejoAMRayo Vallecano · midfielders€300k
- HoltbyCMNAC Breda · midfielders€300k
- PizziAMGD Estoril Praia · midfielders€300k
- KalitvintsevAMMetalist 1925 Kharkiv · midfielders€300k
Counts and ranks of observed Transfermarkt values only; model errors are never ranked here. Full player export: Every player in the modelling population (D-011).