Raul
Paula
AMGermany · NAC Breda
Player dossierEredivisie
RaulPaula
AMAttacking MidfieldMidfield
- Club
- NAC Breda
- League
- Eredivisie
- Nationality
- Germany
- Age
- 22
- Height
- 177 cm
- Foot
- Right
- Valued
- 28 May 2026
EredivisieReading the valuation
The market values Paula at €350k. Model A, which never saw Paula during training, estimates €510k: the market value is 31% below that estimate.
That is a factor of ×1.46. Model A's typical held-out miss is ×1.50 either way, so this gap is within its usual error.
Without league and club, Model B estimates €1.1M, further from the market. Model B is usually further off (typical miss ×2.07): league and club explain much of how the market prices players.
A gap describes the model's arithmetic for this player's inputs, not what the player is worth.
- Apps
- 41
- Minutes
- 1,471
- Goals
- 2
- Assists
- 4
- Started
- 16/41
- Min / app
- 36
- Cards
- 1Y 0R
Club matches, two years to the valuation date
The Valuation Journey
What moves Model A
Asking the prediction API to explain Model A for Paula…
SHAP describes the model's arithmetic for this player's inputs, not what causes market value. Model B can be explained only by the live service; Model A also has a published explanation for the research players.
Model A vs Model B against the observed €350k
Checking APIAsking the prediction API…
Held-out estimates come from cross-validation, with this player outside the training data: the honest comparison. Served models were refitted on every player, this one included, so they sit closer to the market. Shaded band: Model A's typical miss (×1.50 either way).
Player traitspercentiles vs 1,687 midfielders
Dashed ring: the midfielder median (50th percentile)
Assists per 90
Club assists per 90 minutes in the same window.
0.24 this player0.09 midfielder median91st percentile
No passing, progression or defensive actions exist in the dataset, so no trait claims to measure them.
Valuation history every Transfermarkt valuation on record
- First valuation
- €100k
- Oct 2022
- Peak
- €700k
- Dec 2024
- Model target
- €350k
- May 2026
- Valuations
- 11
- 1 club change
May 2026: €350k, NAC Breda. Dotted lines mark the €2M, €10M and €30M tier boundaries.
Show as a table
| Date | Market value | Club |
|---|---|---|
| 2022-10-17 | €100k | VfB Stuttgart II |
| 2022-12-19 | €100k | VfB Stuttgart II |
| 2023-06-29 | €150k | VfB Stuttgart II |
| 2024-01-10 | €300k | VfB Stuttgart II |
| 2024-06-30 | €350k | VfB Stuttgart II |
| 2024-10-14 | €500k | NAC Breda |
| 2024-12-17 | €700k | NAC Breda |
| 2025-05-28 | €600k | NAC Breda |
| 2025-12-02 | €500k | NAC Breda |
| 2026-03-11 | €350k | NAC Breda |
| 2026-05-28 | €350k | NAC Breda |
Audit context group-level, not about this player
- Audit group
- UEFA
- Population gap, Model A
- +0.093 95% CI +0.063 to +0.124
- This player, market vs held-out A
- −0.377
The group comes from first-listed citizenship and is never a model input. Across the population, non-UEFA players' market values sit about 10% above Model A's held-out estimates, relative to UEFA players in the same leagues. One player's residual says nothing about that pattern (typical miss ×1.50), and none of it is evidence of discrimination: the target may itself be biased. Open the Fairness Audit
In context observed value among comparable players in this build
All players in the Terminal →Eredivisie425 players · median €1M
Valued above 14% of the 425 Eredivisie players.
See them in the Explorer →Midfielders, all leagues1,687 players · median €2M
Valued above 10% of the 1,687 midfielders.
See them in the Explorer →Where Paula appears
Watchlists and the comparison tray are kept in this browser only.
Near this valuation closest observed values: same league, then same position
- SandeCFSC Cambuur Leeuwarden · Eredivisie€350k
- JacobsCBAlmere City FC · Eredivisie€350k
- LucassenRBNAC Breda · Eredivisie€350k
- WieckhoffRBHeracles Almelo · Eredivisie€350k
- KovalevRMBaltika Kaliningrad · midfielders€350k
- StaikosDMAE Larisa · midfielders€350k
- JuanpiAMVolos NFC · midfielders€350k
- LyonsCMKilmarnock FC · midfielders€350k
Counts and ranks of observed Transfermarkt values only; model errors are never ranked here. Full player export: Every player in the modelling population (D-011).