Konstantinos
Koulierakis
CBGreece · VfL Wolfsburg
Close-up
Image: FootyLogos
Player dossierBundesliga
KonstantinosKoulierakis
CBCentre-BackDefender
- Club
- VfL Wolfsburg
- League
- Bundesliga
- Nationality
- Greece
- Age
- 22
- Height
- 188 cm
- Foot
- Left
- Valued
- 27 May 2026
BundesligaReading the valuation
The market values Koulierakis at €25M. Model A, which never saw Koulierakis during training, estimates €10.3M: the market value is 143% above that estimate.
That is a factor of ×2.43. Model A's typical held-out miss is ×1.50 either way, so this gap is larger than its usual error.
Without league and club, Model B estimates €8.9M, further from the market. Model B is usually further off (typical miss ×2.07): league and club explain much of how the market prices players.
A gap describes the model's arithmetic for this player's inputs, not what the player is worth.
- Apps
- 69
- Minutes
- 5,880
- Goals
- 7
- Assists
- 4
- Started
- 65/69
- Min / app
- 85
- Cards
- 10Y 0R
Club matches, two years to the valuation date
The Valuation Journey
What moves Model A
Asking the prediction API to explain Model A for Koulierakis…
SHAP describes the model's arithmetic for this player's inputs, not what causes market value. Model B can be explained only by the live service; Model A also has a published explanation for the research players.
Model A vs Model B against the observed €25M
Checking APIAsking the prediction API…
Held-out estimates come from cross-validation, with this player outside the training data: the honest comparison. Served models were refitted on every player, this one included, so they sit closer to the market. Shaded band: Model A's typical miss (×1.50 either way).
Player traitspercentiles vs 2,065 defenders
Dashed ring: the defender median (50th percentile)
Minutes, two years
Total club minutes in the two-year window: how much the player was used.
5,880 this player2,860 defender median92nd percentile
No passing, progression or defensive actions exist in the dataset, so no trait claims to measure them.
Valuation history every Transfermarkt valuation on record
- First valuation
- €175k
- Dec 2021
- Peak
- €25M
- Jun 2025
- Model target
- €25M
- May 2026
- Valuations
- 16
- 2 club changes
May 2026: €25M, VfL Wolfsburg. Dotted lines mark the €2M, €10M and €30M tier boundaries.
Show as a table
| Date | Market value | Club |
|---|---|---|
| 2021-12-28 | €175k | PAOK Thessaloniki B |
| 2022-02-22 | €250k | PAOK Thessaloniki B |
| 2022-06-27 | €300k | PAOK Thessaloniki B |
| 2022-11-07 | €1.5M | PAOK Thessaloniki |
| 2023-02-27 | €2M | PAOK Thessaloniki |
| 2023-05-22 | €2.5M | PAOK Thessaloniki |
| 2023-09-21 | €3M | PAOK Thessaloniki |
| 2023-12-20 | €4.5M | PAOK Thessaloniki |
| 2024-03-06 | €6M | PAOK Thessaloniki |
| 2024-05-30 | €8M | PAOK Thessaloniki |
| 2024-10-09 | €12M | VfL Wolfsburg |
| 2024-12-20 | €15M | VfL Wolfsburg |
| 2025-03-27 | €20M | VfL Wolfsburg |
| 2025-06-05 | €25M | VfL Wolfsburg |
| 2025-12-19 | €25M | VfL Wolfsburg |
| 2026-05-27 | €25M | VfL Wolfsburg |
Audit context group-level, not about this player
- Audit group
- UEFA
- Population gap, Model A
- +0.093 95% CI +0.063 to +0.124
- This player, market vs held-out A
- +0.889
The group comes from first-listed citizenship and is never a model input. Across the population, non-UEFA players' market values sit about 10% above Model A's held-out estimates, relative to UEFA players in the same leagues. One player's residual says nothing about that pattern (typical miss ×1.50), and none of it is evidence of discrimination: the target may itself be biased. Open the Fairness Audit
In context observed value among comparable players in this build
All players in the Terminal →Bundesliga451 players · median €5M
Valued above 87% of the 451 Bundesliga players.
See them in the Explorer →Defenders, all leagues2,065 players · median €2M
Valued above 93% of the 2,065 defenders.
See them in the Explorer →Where Koulierakis appears
Watchlists and the comparison tray are kept in this browser only.
Near this valuation closest observed values: same league, then same position
- RaumLBRB Leipzig · Bundesliga€25M
- RyersonRBBorussia Dortmund · Bundesliga€25M
- PalaciosCMBayer 04 Leverkusen · Bundesliga€25M
- SeiwaldDMRB Leipzig · Bundesliga€25M
- DumfriesRBInter Milan · defenders€25M
- MykolenkoLBEverton FC · defenders€25M
- WiefferRBBrighton & Hove Albion · defenders€25M
- HendriksCBVfB Stuttgart · defenders€25M
Counts and ranks of observed Transfermarkt values only; model errors are never ranked here. Full player export: Every player in the modelling population (D-011).