Sam
Lammers
CFNetherlands · FC Twente Enschede
Player dossierEredivisie
SamLammers
CFCentre-ForwardAttack
- Club
- FC Twente Enschede
- League
- Eredivisie
- Nationality
- Netherlands
- Age
- 29
- Height
- 191 cm
- Foot
- Both
- Valued
- 28 May 2026
Reading the valuation
The market values Lammers at €4M. Model A, which never saw Lammers during training, estimates €5.3M: the market value is 24% below that estimate.
That is a factor of ×1.32. Model A's typical held-out miss is ×1.50 either way, so this gap is within its usual error.
Without league and club, Model B estimates €8.5M, further from the market. Model B is usually further off (typical miss ×2.07): league and club explain much of how the market prices players.
A gap describes the model's arithmetic for this player's inputs, not what the player is worth.
- Apps
- 60
- Minutes
- 3,962
- Goals
- 16
- Assists
- 10
- Started
- 47/60
- Min / app
- 66
- Cards
- 2Y 0R
Club matches, two years to the valuation date
The Valuation Journey
What moves Model A
Asking the prediction API to explain Model A for Lammers…
SHAP describes the model's arithmetic for this player's inputs, not what causes market value. Model B can be explained only by the live service; Model A also has a published explanation for the research players.
Model A vs Model B against the observed €4M
Checking APIAsking the prediction API…
Held-out estimates come from cross-validation, with this player outside the training data: the honest comparison. Served models were refitted on every player, this one included, so they sit closer to the market. Shaded band: Model A's typical miss (×1.50 either way).
Player traitspercentiles vs 1,583 attackers
Dashed ring: the attacker median (50th percentile)
Starts
Share of appearances started rather than entered from the bench.
78% this player59% attacker median81st percentile
No passing, progression or defensive actions exist in the dataset, so no trait claims to measure them.
Valuation history every Transfermarkt valuation on record
- First valuation
- €25k
- Jul 2015
- Peak
- €9M
- Jun 2019
- Model target
- €4M
- May 2026
- Valuations
- 35
- 10 club changes
May 2026: €4M, FC Twente Enschede. Dotted lines mark the €2M, €10M and €30M tier boundaries.
Show as a table
| Date | Market value | Club |
|---|---|---|
| 2015-07-01 | €25k | PSV Eindhoven U21 |
| 2016-02-05 | €100k | PSV Eindhoven U21 |
| 2016-07-01 | €150k | PSV Eindhoven U21 |
| 2016-10-17 | €300k | PSV Eindhoven U21 |
| 2017-01-18 | €500k | PSV Eindhoven U21 |
| 2017-06-07 | €900k | PSV Eindhoven U21 |
| 2017-10-26 | €1.5M | PSV Eindhoven |
| 2018-01-17 | €1.5M | PSV Eindhoven |
| 2018-06-12 | €1.5M | PSV Eindhoven |
| 2018-10-04 | €2.5M | SC Heerenveen |
| 2018-12-28 | €4M | SC Heerenveen |
| 2019-03-13 | €6M | SC Heerenveen |
| 2019-06-12 | €9M | SC Heerenveen |
| 2019-12-18 | €9M | PSV Eindhoven |
| 2020-04-08 | €7M | PSV Eindhoven |
| 2020-10-29 | €9M | Atalanta BC |
| 2020-12-29 | €9M | Atalanta BC |
| 2021-03-23 | €7.5M | Atalanta BC |
| 2021-06-03 | €6M | Atalanta BC |
| 2021-12-22 | €4M | Eintracht Frankfurt |
| 2022-03-24 | €3M | Eintracht Frankfurt |
| 2022-06-09 | €3M | Eintracht Frankfurt |
| 2022-11-11 | €2.8M | FC Empoli |
| 2023-03-21 | €2.4M | UC Sampdoria |
| 2023-06-15 | €2M | UC Sampdoria |
| 2023-09-22 | €2.5M | Rangers FC |
| 2023-12-05 | €2M | Rangers FC |
| 2024-03-18 | €3M | FC Utrecht |
| 2024-05-31 | €5M | FC Utrecht |
| 2024-12-17 | €5M | FC Twente Enschede |
| 2025-03-28 | €4M | FC Twente Enschede |
| 2025-05-28 | €4M | FC Twente Enschede |
| 2025-10-02 | €3M | FC Twente Enschede |
| 2025-12-02 | €3M | FC Twente Enschede |
| 2026-05-28 | €4M | FC Twente Enschede |
Audit context group-level, not about this player
- Audit group
- UEFA
- Population gap, Model A
- +0.093 95% CI +0.063 to +0.124
- This player, market vs held-out A
- −0.279
The group comes from first-listed citizenship and is never a model input. Across the population, non-UEFA players' market values sit about 10% above Model A's held-out estimates, relative to UEFA players in the same leagues. One player's residual says nothing about that pattern (typical miss ×1.50), and none of it is evidence of discrimination: the target may itself be biased. Open the Fairness Audit
In context observed value among comparable players in this build
All players in the Terminal →Eredivisie425 players · median €1M
Valued above 76% of the 425 Eredivisie players.
See them in the Explorer →Attackers, all leagues1,583 players · median €2.5M
Valued above 59% of the 1,583 attackers.
See them in the Explorer →Where Lammers appears
Watchlists and the comparison tray are kept in this browser only.
Near this valuation closest observed values: same league, then same position
- DrommelGKSparta Rotterdam · Eredivisie€4M
- ObispoCBPSV Eindhoven · Eredivisie€4M
- BoaduCFPSV Eindhoven · Eredivisie€4M
- BusserGKGo Ahead Eagles · Eredivisie€4M
- IcardiCFGalatasaray · attackers€4M
- WilsonCFWest Ham United · attackers€4M
- TraoréRWSunderland AFC · attackers€4M
- GrifoLWSC Freiburg · attackers€4M
Counts and ranks of observed Transfermarkt values only; model errors are never ranked here. Full player export: Every player in the modelling population (D-011).